Autonomous Pronouns and Preverbal Pronouns
There are two kinds of subject pronouns :
- Autonomous pronouns, which have essentially the same properties as nouns.
- Preverbal pronouns, that function like verbal affixes, but are detached from the verb in a pre-assigned preverbal position.
Autonomous subject pronouns
They are ordinarily followed by a determiner (by default the definite suffix -ka or -ta), a conjunction, or a focus marker.
For the form with the definite article, subject marking works in the ordinary way.
Emphatic form | Short form | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Stand alone | Subject | + conjunction | + subjunctive |
1st pers. sing. | aniga | anigu | an(i) | an |
2nd pers. sing. | adiga | adigu | ad(i) | ad |
3rd pers. sing. masc. | isaga | isagu | is(a) | ha |
3rd per. sing. fem. | iyada | iyadu | iya | ha |
1st per. plur. excl. | annaga | annagu | anna | annu |
1st pers. plur. incl. | innaga | innagu | inna | aynu |
2nd pers. plur. | idinka | idinku | idin | ad |
3rd pers. plur. | iyaga | iyagu | iyagu | ha |
You can see from this table that all autonomous subject pronouns are masculine except for iyada (= she, her) which is feminine.
The only difference between the autonomous "stand alone" pronoun and the autonomous subject pronoun is the subject marker u at the end.
The forms listed in the column labelled + conjuction omit the determiner suffix and sometimes the final vowel.
In most instances they only occur with the conjunctions -na (= and, also), -se (= but), or with the focus marker baa, and only in some combinations with these.
Examples :
Anna waan arkey | I also saw (it) | [me+also I saw] |
Adna waad aragtey | You also saw (it) | [you+also you saw] |
Isna wuu arkay | He also saw (it) | [him+also he saw] |
Iyana way aragtey | She also saw (it) | [her+also she saw] |
Annana waannu aragney | We (exl.) also saw (it) | [us+also we saw] |
Innana weynu aragney | We (incl.) also saw (it) | [us+also we saw] |
Idinna weydin aragteen | You (pl.) also saw (it) | [you+also you saw] |
Iyaguna wey arkeen | They also saw (it) | [them+also they saw] |
Anaa tegey | It is I who went | [from an(i) + baa] |
Adaa tegey | It is you who went | [from ad(i) + baa] |
Preverbal pronouns
Preverbal pronouns can be assimilated to detached "verbal affixes".
They have predetermined positions in the verbal phrase, along with the other preverbal particles, according to their different functions : subject, object, negation, relationship, etc..
Table of Preverbal markers
Person | Subject Pronoun | Object Pronoun (1st series) |
Locative | Negation | Relational | Object Pronoun (2nd series) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st pers. sing. | waan | i | -ku (-gu) | ma | soo | kay |
2nd pers. sing. | waad | ku | -ku (-gu) | ma | soo | kaa |
3rd pers. sing. masc. | wuu | -ku (-gu) | ma | soo | ||
3rd pers. sing. fem. | way | -ku (-gu) | ma | soo | ||
1st pers plur. excl. | waannu | na | -ku (-gu) | ma | soo | kayo |
1st pers. plur. incl. | waynu | ina | -ku (-gu) | ma | soo | keen |
2nd pers. plur. | waydin | idin | -ku (-gu) | ma | soo | kiin |
3rd pers. plur. | way | -ku (-gu) | ma | soo |
Examples :
Waan arkay | I saw | [I saw] |
Waan ku arkay | I saw you | [I you saw] |
Waan kugu arkay | I saw you in | [I you+in saw] |
Maan arag | I didn't see | [Not+I didn't see] |
Kumaan arag | I didn't see you | [You+not+I didn't see] |
Kugumaan arag | I didn't see you in | [You+in+not+I didn't see] |
Wuu i arkay | He saw me | [He me saw] |
Wuu igu arkay | He saw me in | [He me+in saw] |
Imuu arag | He didn't see me | [Me+not+he didn't see] |
Igumuu arag | He didn't see me in | [Me+in+not+he didn't see] |
But it somehow subsists as a subject root, placed at the end of the Object+Locative+Negative+Subject cluster !
Preverbal subject pronouns
The preverbal subject pronoun possesses two forms, that we respectively named "transitive" and "untransitive", depending on whether the verb is followed by a complement or not.
If the verb is not followed by any complement, we use the untransitive form waan, waad, etc.. which is obtained by affixing w- to the preverbal subject root -aan, -aad, etc..
If the verb is followed by a complement, we use the transitive form waxaan, waxaad, etc.. which is obtained by affixing wax- to the preverbal subject root -aan, -aad, etc..
Table of Preverbal Subject Pronouns
Person | root | Untransitive | Transitive | English |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st pers. sing. | -aan | waan | waxaan | I |
2nd pers. sing. | -aad | waad | waxaad | you |
3rd pers. sing. masc. | -uu | wuu | waxuu | he |
3rd pers. sing. fem. | -ay | way | waxay | she |
1st pers. plur. excl. | -aannu | waannu | waxaannu | we |
1st pers. plur. incl. | -aynu | waynu | waxaynu | we |
2nd pers. plur. | -aydin | waydin | waxaydin | we |
3rd pers. plur. | -ay | way | waxay | they |
Examples :
Anigu waan cunayaa | I am eating | [Me I eating] |
Anigu waxaan cunayaa furin | I am eating bread | [Me I eating bread] |
Isagu wuu cunayaa | He is eating | [Him he eating] |
Isagu waxuu cunayaa baasto | He is eating pasta | [Him he eating pasta] |
Iyadu way cunaisaa | she is eating | [Her she eating] |
Iyadu waxay cunaisaa cambe | she is eating a mango | [Her she eating mango] |
Anigu waan karinayaa | I am cooking | [Me I cooking] |
Anigu waxaan karinayaa laxoo | I am cooking a pancake | [Me I cooking pancake] |
Aabahay wuu karinayaa | My father is cooking | [Father-my he cooking] |
Aabahay waxuu karinayaa hilib | My father is cooking meat | [Father-my he cooking meat] |
Hooyoday way karinaisaa | My mother is cooking | [Mother-my she cooking] |
Hooyoday waxay karinaisaa kaluun | My mother is cooking fish | [Mother-my she cooking fish] |
Source: http://hooyo.web.free.fr
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